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Daim ntawv muaj keeb kwm ntev tshaj 2,000 xyoo txij li nws tsim. Thoob plaws hauv evolution ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej, ntau yam tseem ceeb thiab cov dab neeg tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Kab lus no nthuav tawm ntau lub sijhawm keeb kwm tseem ceeb uas qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua, thev naus laus zis, thiab kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv.
1. Daim Ntawv Laus Paub Hauv Ntiaj Teb
Ntawm Cov Plaub Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Tuam Tshoj thaum ub - phom phom, lub tshuab raj, luam ntawv, thiab ntawv luam tawm - qhov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv cog lus tau pom nyob rau ntawm lub qhov ntxa Fangmatan hauv Tianshui, xeev Gansu, Suav. Rov qab mus rau kev kav ntawm Emperor Wen thiab Emperor Jing ntawm Western Han Dynasty (kwv yees li 2 xyoo pua BCE), daim ntawv no tau tsim los ntawm hemp thiab ramie. Qhov tseem ceeb, cov ntawv uas tsis tau pom dua muaj cov duab piav qhia ntawm roob, dej, thiab txoj kev, ua rau nws tsis yog cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws uas paub tab sis kuj yog daim ntawv qhia kev muaj sia nyob hauv ntiaj teb.
2. Kev Txhim Kho thiab Cov yam ntxwv ntawm "Banshi" (Board Paper): Keeb kwm ntawm Moulded Paper
Moulded ntawv, feem ntau siv hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab siab -precision printing, taug qab nws cov hauv paus chiv keeb rau Nyiv, qhov chaw nws tau pib tsim ua *kami* los qhia txog cov txheej txheem Japanese papermaking. Thaum lub sijhawm Meiji thaum ntxov, Nyiv tau xa tag nrho cov ntawv sau nyiaj los ntawm cov tebchaws sab hnub poob. Txhawm rau ua tiav tus kheej - txaus txaus hauv kev tsim cov ntawv siab - zoo, Emperor Meiji tau pib txoj haujlwm hauv tebchaws. Xyoo 1875, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag tau tsim lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag Nyiaj Txiag hauv Oji Ward, Tokyo, sib sau ua ke cov kws txawj ntse los ntawm thaj av Echizen. Thaum xub thawj, lawv siv mulberry bark-ib txwm siv-tab sis vim muaj tsawg, loj- nplai ntau lawm ua pov thawj tsis muaj peev xwm. Tom qab ntawd, lub chaw lis haujlwm tau txais mitsumata (Edgeworthia chrysantha) ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, ua tiav kev tsim cov ntawv du, siab - tawv tawv haum rau kev luam ntawv meej.
Los ntawm kev txhim kho tas mus li, daim ntawv no -tom qab lub npe hu ua "banshi"- tau dav siv rau kev nyab xeeb, cov khoom lag luam, thiab cov ntawv pov thawj raug cai. Xyoo 1898, nws tau nthuav tawm ntawm Paris World Exposition thiab tom qab ntawd xa tawm mus rau European lag luam.
3. Lub Etymology ntawm Nyiv Lo Lus "Kami" (Daim ntawv)
Lo lus Askiv "daim ntawv" muab los ntawm * papyrus *, siv nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt. Lub caij no, thawj daim ntawv zeb nyob rau sab av loj European tau tsim nyob rau hauv thaj av Valencia ntawm Spain. Lo lus Askiv "daim ntawv" hloov zuj zus los ntawm Latin los ntawm Fabkis qub rau hauv Middle English. Raws li cov lus Nyij Pooj "kami," ib qho kev tshawb xav hais tias nws pib los ntawm cov lus ua ntej "kabo," uas maj mam hloov mus rau "kabi" thiab thaum kawg mus rau "kami." Qhov kev txhim kho etymological no qhia txog keeb kwm kev sib txuas ntawm lo lus rau daim ntawv thiab cov tawv ntoo birch, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm cuam tshuam nrog cov kev coj ua hauv Nyij Pooj thaum ntxov.
4. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv rov ua dua tshiab
Ua ntej lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov ntaub ntawv raw rau papermaking suav nrog flax, paj rwb wadding, thiab ntoo pulp. Nrog rau kev siv dav dav ntawm kev txav mus los tau - hom luam ntawv hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab North America, cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm kev lag luam nthuav dav, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov ntawv siv thiab cov khoom pov tseg.
Yog li ntawd, kev rov ua dua thiab rov ua dua ntawm cov ntawv pov tseg tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig thoob ntiaj teb. Niaj hnub no, ntau lub teb chaws tau siv cov kev cai nruj heev txog kev rov ua dua tshiab. Piv txwv li, Tebchaws Europe tau txwv tsis pub xa tawm cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg. Hauv tebchaws United Kingdom, keeb kwm kev cia siab rau cov ntaub pua tsev thiab paj rwb rau kev faus neeg ua rau muaj kev cai lij choj los txhawb kev siv cov ntaub ntaub ntaub, uas tau tsav los ntawm kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv raw hauv cov ntawv tsim. Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, kev siv zog los txhim kho cov ntawv rov ua dua tshiab txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.
5. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Page Numbering thiab Pagination
Nyob rau xyoo pua 2 BCE, parchment ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij kho tsiaj-tshwj xeeb yog tawv yaj- tau tshwm sim los ua ib qho kev sau ntawv. Tsis zoo li papyrus, uas yog nkig thiab yooj yim tawg thaum folded, parchment yuav folded accordion -style. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev no tau ua rau lub tswv yim kev txhim kho ntawm cov nplooj ntawv tsis sib xws thiab ob -sab sau ntawv, tso lub hauv paus rau cov pagination niaj hnub.
6. Daim ntawv thiab kev tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv raug cai
Xyoo 751 CE, tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Talas (nyob rau hauv tam sim no -hnub Kyrgyzstan), Suav papermaking technology kis mus rau sab hnub poob mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb Islamic. Thaum lub sijhawm Abbasid Caliphate, daim ntawv pib siv rau cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm. Raws li lub caliphate nthuav dav, qhov ntim ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm bureaucratic tau nce ntau, thiab lub teeb yuag, tus nqi - ntawv pov thawj zoo rau cov laj thawj zoo li no. Ntxiv mus, tus number case nkag mus tob rau hauv cov ntawv fibers, ua rau kev hloov pauv tsis tau tso cai nyuaj -tsis zoo li parchment, qhov twg tus number case tuaj yeem raug khawb tawm, tso cai rau cov ntaub ntawv tampering.
Nyob rau hauv sib piv, lub Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Europe pib tawm tsam kev siv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv official ntaub ntawv, ib feem ntawm kev coj noj coj ua tsis ncaj ncees lawm cov ntaub ntawv txuam nrog Muslim civilizations thiab ib tug prevailing kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub superior durability ntawm parchment.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Cairo Geniza cov ntaub ntawv -unearthed nyob rau yav qab teb Cairo, tim lyiv teb chaws, nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th caug xyoo- muab pov thawj txaus rau qhov tsis sib xws. Qhov kev sau no khaws cia kwv yees li 12,000 nplooj ntawv thiab parchment txij thaum 9th mus rau 19th centuries. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tom qab ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo, cov ntaub ntawv tseem nyob hauv qhov zoo, nyuaj rau qhov ntev - tuav European kev xav txog cov ntawv tsis yooj yim thiab ua kom pom nws lub neej ntev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw cia khoom.
7. Kev poob ntawm Parchment
Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1455, kev tshaj tawm ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum Gutenberg tau cim qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm luam tawm hauv Tebchaws Europe. Ntawm qhov kwv yees 180-200 daim ntawv luam thawj zaug, 30 tau tsim tawm ntawm parchment (12 ntawm cov uas muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no). Tsuas yog tsim cov 30 parchment tsab ntawv no yuav tsum tau cov tawv nqaij ntawm ntau pua tus yaj.
Muab tias daim ntawv no yog muab los ntawm cov nroj tsuag txuas ntxiv dua tshiab thiab siv tau ntau dua li cov tsiaj-raws li parchment, nws qhov kev saws me nyuam tau dhau los ua yam tsis muaj kev xav tau luam tawm. Yog li ntawd, parchment maj mam tsis kam siv, muab txoj hauv kev rau ntawv ua qhov tseem ceeb nruab nrab rau kev sib txuas lus.
Peb txaus siab rau koj cov kev xav thiab tos ntsoov rau kev sib pauv kev kawm ntxiv hauv kev sib tham yav tom ntej.
