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1. Hemp Paper (Rag Paper)
Hemp daim ntawv, ib qho ntawm cov ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb, yog ib txwm tsim los ntawm bast fibers tau los ntawm ramie (*Boehmeria nivea*) thiab cannabis (*Cannabis sativa*). Ramie- haiv neeg hauv Suav teb thiab keeb kwm raug xa mus rau txawv teb chaws li "Suav nyom"- thiab hemp- hauv zos hu ua "hluav taws hemp" thiab thoob ntiaj teb li "Han hemp"- tau ob qho tib si cog rau fiber ntau. Rag daim ntawv qhia txog cov ntawv ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hemp los yog ua tiav cov bast fibers; Lwm yam muaj xws li daim ntawv dawb thiab daj hemp.
Daim ntawv dawb hemp nthuav tawm cov dawb huv, du pem hauv ntej nto, thaum nws rov qab yog me ntsis rougher, feem ntau coj cov nroj tsuag seem thiab cov ntawv teev cov khib nyiab. Nws muaj lub zog tensile siab thiab ntev - lub sij hawm durability: thaum khaws cia qhuav, nws tiv taus degradation ntau pua xyoo. Yellow hemp ntawv yog lub teeb daj, feem ntau marginally thicker dua nws cov dawb counterpart, nrog rau cov khoom siv sib piv tab sis ib coarser nto zoo nkauj. Ob qho tib si tso saib ib qho dav, txawv watermark qauv-feem ntau hu ua "kab kab hlau rhuav"-kwv yees li ob ntiv tes- dav hauv ntu; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwj xeeb no tuaj yeem ua tsis zoo lossis tsis sib haum ntawm cov nplooj ntawv. Qhov tseem ceeb, ntau cov ntawv luam tawm uas tseem muaj sia nyob los ntawm Nkauj (960–1279) thiab Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties khaws cov qauv kev ncaj ncees thiab pom kev pom tseeb tom qab ntau tshaj xya puas xyoo- ua pov thawj rau qhov tshwj xeeb tawv ntawm daim ntawv hemp.
Ib cheeb tsam variant, Maisha hemp ntawv, tau tsim nyob rau hauv Maisha Town, Jianyang County, Fujian Province. Nws yog daj ntseg daj, kuj zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv tuab, thiab nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv hemp -txawm hais tias nws cov qauv kab hlau rhuav yog tsawg pronounced.
2. Xuan Ntawv
Keeb kwm hauv Tang dynasty (618-907), Xuan ntawv yog thawj zaug tsim nyob rau hauv Xuanzhou Prefecture (hnub-hnub Xuancheng, Anhui Province). Nws lub npe muab ncaj qha los ntawm nws qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm, thiab nws tau raug nthuav tawm ib xyoos ib zaug rau lub tsev hais plaub imperial raws li khoom plig - ib qho kev xaiv uas qhia txog nws lub koob meej thiab zoo.
Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb yog cov tawv ntoo ntawm * Pteroceltis tatarinowii * tsob ntoo (lub zos hu ua Qingta), hom botanically ntsig txog mulberry thiab endemic rau yav qab teb Anhui. Ua ntej Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Xuan ntawv tau tsim tshwj xeeb los ntawm 100% Qingta bark, ua tiav los ntawm cov txiv qaub maceration, hnub ci bleaching, mechanical pulping, daim ntawv tsim, thiab rov nias. Los ntawm Qing dynasty (1644-1912) mus ntxiv, straw fibers tau nce ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom sib tov sib xyaw, ua rau peb qib txheem: tag nrho - bark, ib nrab - bark, thiab "xya- ib feem pulp nrog peb seem straw." Kev xaiv cov khoom nyoos nruj, qhov loj me me (feem ntau nrog cov kua nplaum tsiaj), thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov tsoos craftsmanship ua ke kom paub meej tias daim ntawv Xuan tiav muaj qhov muag muag tsis tau zoo, lub luminous dawb thiab txawm nto, nplua thiab homogeneous fiber tis, tshwj xeeb xim ruaj khov, thiab zoo heev tiv thaiv kab mob lom kab mob -ua kom nws tsis zoo 1 2} lub sij hawm ntev. Txij li thaum lub sijhawm Tang thiab Song, Xuan daim ntawv tau yog qhov nyiam nruab nrab rau kev sau ntawv suav suav thiab kos duab kos duab, tau txais nws lub koob npe zoo li "daim ntawv nrog ib txhiab- xyoo lifespan."
Xuan daim ntawv belongs rau ntau hom paj rwb ntawv (piv txwv li, bast- ntawv fiber ntau). Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev teeb tsa-xws li ib qho - txheej (Sheng Xuan), ob npaug - txheej (Shuang Xuan), thiab triple - txheej (San Xuan)- thiab hauv cov qauv xws li plaub chi (≈1.3 m) txog rau caum m (≈20 chi) Ntau tshaj rau caum qhov tshwj xeeb muaj nyob; subtypes tseem ceeb muaj xws li:
• Rugated Paper (Luo Wen Zhi): Tus yam ntxwv los ntawm cov dawb dawb los yog lub teeb daj daj, nyias tsis tau supple qauv, thiab cov kab rov tav striations tseem ceeb zoo li txhob lo lo ntxhuav brocade-yog li nws lub npe. Ua tsis tu ncua los ntawm Nkauj los ntawm Qing dynasties, nws tau dav ua haujlwm rau phau ntawv luam tawm. Ciaj sia nyob Song- thiab Yuan- era luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv rugated yog tsawg heev; Ming- thiab Qing- cov piv txwv dynasty tseem nyob ib ntus -piv txwv li, lub Yongzheng- era (1723-1735) Wu Ying Dian imprint ntawm *Zhengyue Lüpu* ("Kev Txhais Lus Tseeb Ntawm Lub Suab Nkauj") thiab * "Tiang Yu's* Paj huam"), ob qho tib si luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv dawb rugated. Niaj hnub no, nws ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau kev txuag: kho cov ntawv tsis yooj yim, txuas rau framing, dyeing rau kev cai npog lossis cov ntawv tiv thaiv.
• Paj Rwb-Coated Paper (Mian Lian Zhi): Exhibits jade-zoo li whiteness, smoothness, nplua nplej, uniform ntom, thiab siab elasticity. Tsis muaj cov qauv dej pom pom, nws suav nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb sib txawv hu ua "Liu Ji Mian Lian" (tseem "Wang Liu Ji"), txawv ntawm qhov nyias nyias thiab tsis tshua muaj. Dav siv rau hauv phau ntawv kev txuag-nrog rau cov nplooj ntxiv dag zog, thim rov qab, thav duab, thiab kub-inlaid-jade mounting- nws kuj yog qhov nyiam rau kev taug qab cov duab kos duab thiab sau ntawv. High-Cov ntawv luam tawm zoo ntawm Ming lig thiab thaum ntxov Qing nquag siv daim ntawv no.
• Jade-Patterned Paper (Yu Ban Zhi): Dawb, ntom, thiab absorbent heev, txawm tias me ntsis check dua li cov qauv paj rwb. Feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv Qing lig thiab thaum ntxov Republican era (c. 1890-1930) rau cov qhab nia suab paj nruag, duab albums, thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm.
• Shuang Xuan (Double Xuan): Nyias dua Yu Ban Zhi, dawb huv, zoo nkauj textured, mos, elastic, thiab cim los ntawm cov kab ntev thiab transverse. Imparting elegance rau cov ntawv luam tawm, nws tau siv dav hauv Qing lig thiab kev tshaj tawm Republican thaum ntxov. Kuj tseem ua haujlwm hauv framing, thaub qab, thiab -raws li dyed magenta lossis bronze- rau cov npog npog.
• Kaum- Daim Ntawv Qhia Ntawv (Shi Dao Zhi): tuab, nqus tau heev, thiab tawv heev. Feem ntau yog siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv thaub qab rau phau ntawv nplooj lossis cov ntaub lo lo ntxhuav.
• Stapled Sheets (Ding Zhi): Me ntsis thicker dua paj rwb-coated ntawv tab sis tsawg pliable. Haum rau kev txhawb nqa cov codices tuab, kho Ming- paj rwb dynasty- cov ntawv ntawv, los yog ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cov nplooj ntawv.
3. Paj Rwb (Mian Zhi)
Nyob rau yav qab teb Suav teb, cov ntawv paj rwb yog lo lus hu ua "paper bark" (* zhi pi*), uas qhia txog nws qhov kev muab los ntawm bast fibers -tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mulberry (* Morus alba*) bark. Nws nta zoo, mos, fibrous qauv thiab zoo kawg li tensile zog; Thaum torn lengthwise, qhov tawg qhia luv luv, tsis sib xws fibers reminiscent ntawm paj rwb lint -li no nws lub npe. Cov ntawv paj rwb yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev luam ntawv substrate thaum Ming dynasty thaum ntxov. Ua ntej Jiajing kav (1522–1566), nws tended mus rau nyias; ncej-Longqing (1567–1572), cov nplooj ntawv loj dua thiab hnyav dua, thiab nws siv hauv kev lag luam luam ntawv poob qis heev. Cov piv txwv cais tawm mus rau hauv Qing thaum ntxov, tab sis tom qab ntawd dhau los ua tsis tshua muaj. Lub regional variants tseem ceeb muaj xws li:
• Henan Paj Rwb Ntawv: Ua nyob rau hauv Henan Xeev; Cov yam ntxwv los ntawm ntev, cov fibers, ivory- xim dawb nrog cov xim daj daj, cov tuab sib txawv, thiab cov mos mos, paj rwb resilience. Ua hauj lwm hauv zos rau phau ntawv luam tawm thiab feem ntau hauv kev txuag-xws li, xws li sealing flaps rau phau ntawv qhib, rov qab cov ntawv nkig, khi xov, los yog tiv thaiv pem hauv ntej- ntug wraps. Muaj nyob rau hauv ob qhov ntau thiab tsawg (loj / tuab thiab me me / thinner), ob qho tib si ua haujlwm sib npaug.
• Guizhou Cotton Paper: Thicker thiab loj dua Henan paj rwb ntawv, nrog greyish - dawb tone thiab niaj hnub caliper. Though robust and soft due to dense, coarse fibers, its aesthetic limitations restricted its adoption in fine printing. Siv hauv cheeb tsam hauv Guizhou thiab Yunnan thaum lub sijhawm Qing lig; Kev txuag daim ntawv thov sib npaug ntawm cov ntawv Henan paj rwb.
• Paj Rwb Dub: Tsaus - toned, paste-zoo li nyob rau hauv sib xws, tsis tshua muaj zog thiab resilient. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog rau kev kho tawm ntawm - paj rwb dawb - ntawv ntawv thiab raws li kev ruaj khov rau cov ntim hnyav.
• Jiangan Hemp Ntawv: Ua nyob rau hauv Qian'an County, Hebei Province; feem ntau hu ua "Mao Tou Zhi" ("Hairy-Head Paper"). Greyish-dawb, tuab, mos, thiab subtly paj rwb. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Republican thaum ntxov, nws ua hauj lwm ua substrate rau nrov primers xws li * San Zi Jing * ("Peb Cwj Pwm Classic"), * Bai Jia Xing * ("Pua Tsev Neeg Surnames"), thiab * Qian Zi Wen * ("Tub Cim Cim Classic").
• Shanghai Paj Rwb Ntawv: Nyias, zoo -grained, thiab functionally zoo sib xws rau Henan paj rwb ntawv. Txawm hais tias tsim nyob rau hauv Zhejiang, Anhui, thiab Jiangxi, nws tau muab faib los ntawm Shanghai -li no nws cov npe sib sau ua ke. Muaj nuj nqis heev hauv kev txuag: zoo tagnrho rau kev kho cov npog npog, cov ntaub so ntswg- kho hauv ob sab phlu, thiab khi hlua khi. Nws cov khoom tsis tshua muaj, kev ua tau zoo dua, thiab muaj zog adhesion ua rau nws tseem ceeb rau kev kho kom zoo dua qub - khaws cia cov qauv kev ncaj ncees yam tsis muaj nplooj tawv lossis nce ntim. Nrog Henan paj rwb ntawv ntau lawm tam sim no tsawg, Shanghai paj rwb ntawv tau dhau los ua tus qauv de facto rau ntau yam kev txuag kev ua haujlwm.
• Shanxi Paj Rwb Ntawv: Greyish-dawb, tuab tuab, elastic, thiab texturally zoo ib yam li Henan paj rwb ntawv. Keeb kwm siv rau luam ntawv thiab kho phau ntawv.
• Zhejiang paj rwb ntawv: nyias thiab resilient, kev ua tau zoo-matched rau Shanghai paj rwb ntawv. Feem ntau siv raws li kev sib koom ua ke lossis mounting ntawv hauv kev txuag cov ntawv sau.
• Silkworm Cocoon Paper: Muaj nyob rau hauv ob qhov ntxoov ntxoo-jade-dawb thiab creamy-dawb- nrog siab luster, nplua nplej, thiab tshwj xeeb toughness. Surface resemblance rau silk- paj rwb tau txais nws lub npe. Cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv Yuan-dynasty phau ntawv luam tawm.
• Mica-Cov Ntawv Npog: Smooth-surfaced, tawv, noo noo-resistant, thiab dej-repellent. Feem ntau yog siv los ua cov ntawv clamping hauv cov txheej txheem khi.
• Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum: Yellowish-xim av, tuab, nruj, semi-opaque, thiab me ntsis elastic. Kev cai dab qhuas luam tawm thaum lub sij hawm Nkauj, Yuan, thiab Ming dynasties -tshwj xeeb yog rau cov hauj sam thiab Daoist sutras- thiab tau siv los ntawm Tang cov kws sau ntawv rau kev sau ntawv sau ntawv. Niaj hnub no, nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwj xeeb yog bookmarks rau tsis tshua muaj thiab muaj nuj nqis bindings.
• Sisal Paper (Mulberry Bark Paper): Muaj zog, muaj xim dawb thiab daj. muaj mulberry bark fibers; siv nyob rau hauv Nkauj-Ming luam ntawv, txawm tias ob peb tus qauv muaj sia nyob.
• Daim Ntawv Kauslim (Goryeo Paper): Ua nyob rau hauv Qian'an, Hebei, ua qauv raws li cov ntawv Kauslim. Ntshiab dawb, tuab, tawv, mos, thiab cim los ntawm cov kab ntsug tseem ceeb. Tsis tshua muaj siv rau Suav luam ntawv; hauv kev txuag, thov rau xim thiab npog fabrication.
• Ledger Paper: Dawb los yog daj, tsis tshua muaj zog, sib txawv ntawm thickness, thiab standardized ntawm 67 × 67 cm. Thaum lub sij hawm Qing dynasty, nws tau txais kev pab raws li imperial ntim khoom; tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim hauv pej xeem cov ntsiab lus. Xyoo 1930, Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Palace, Beijing, ua haujlwm nws los tsim cov duab calligraphic thiab pictorial albums. Dyed magenta, nws tsim lub iconic "library magenta npog" rau imperial bindings; ntau- cov xim sib txawv kuj tau siv rau kev luam cov vaj lug kub ornate.
• Daim Ntawv Sau Npe (Daim Ntawv Teev Npe): Rov ua dua los ntawm Ming - cov ntaub ntawv nyiaj txiag huab tais thiab cov npe sau qoob loo. Nws qhov ua tau zoo tau ua kom muaj sia nyob ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm xaiv - qhia txog cov peev txheej thaum ntxov - kev paub txog kev luam ntawv.
• Japanese Bark Paper (Oriental Paper): Ua nyob rau hauv Nyiv; muaj nyob rau hauv dawb thiab daj, nrog zoo heev tensile zog. Siv dav hauv kev tshaj tawm Japanese; saws nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thaum lub sij hawm lig Qing thiab thaum ntxov Republican era rau xaiv phau ntawv tej yaam num.
• Daim Ntawv Mino: du, nyias, sib xws zoo nkauj, mos, thiab muaj zog heev. Tshwj xeeb hauv Li Shuchang's * Gu Jin Wei Ke Ji * ("Ancient and Unpublished Collection") thiab feem ntau siv hauv Japanese classical reprinting.
• Kaixian Paper ("Peach Blossom Paper"): Keeb kwm hauv Kaihe County, Zhejiang. Fine-grained, jade-dawb, qauv-dawb, nyias tsis tau resilient. Ua ntej Qing, nws tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm Imperial Inner Court thiab Wuying Dian rau elegant, siab - xwm txheej imprints. Ntau lawm waned thiab zoo poob qis tom qab Qianlong kav (1736-1795). Jiangsu phau ntawv keeb kwm Tao Xiang tseem ceeb sau lub palace{10}} luam tawm ua haujlwm ntawm Kaixian ntawv.
• Kaixian Gazette Paper: Superficially zoo li Kaixian daim ntawv tab sis yog thicker thiab faintly bluish, nrog inferior zoo nkauj. Siv sporadically rau luam ntawv thaum lub sij hawm Jiaqing-Daoguang reigns (1796-1850).
• Daim Ntawv Tasi Lin: me ntsis daj, zoo thiab sib xws, mos, thiab elastic. Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Qing rau lub monumental encyclopedia * Gujin Tushu Jicheng *.
• Dongchang Paper: Keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Dongchangfu, Shandong (niaj hnub qub Shandong). Zoo ib yam li Qian'an paj rwb ntawv; siv hauv zos rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm vernacular. Nws softness thiab siab absorbency ua rau nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pab tau rau kev tswj ntawm noo noo nyob rau hauv kev txuag.
• Oilcloth Paper: Thick, resilient, mos, thiab ruaj. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau tus kheej-txhawb phau ntawv npog thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog sab hauv sab nraub qaum- khi cov qauv.
4. Xyoob Ntawv (Zhu Zhi)
Vim nws cov yam ntxwv daj ntseg daj, daim ntawv xyoob yog lo lus hu ua "daim ntawv daj." Nws cov khoom lag luam tau nthuav dav heev los ntawm Nkauj Ntxawm mus rau tom ntej, siv cov peev txheej xyoob ntau. Ntau yam tseem ceeb muaj xws li:
• Lace-Edge Paper (Nan Maobian): Lub teeb daj, feem ntau Fujian-ua. Pem hauv ntej nto du; rov qab ntxhib thiab fibrous, nrog me ntsis tensile lub zog. Raws li tau sau tseg hauv *Changzhao Hezhi Zuo*, Vol. 32, nws cov npe yuav tshwm sim los ntawm Ming bibliophile Mao Jin ntawm Huai Lake, uas nws tus kheej lub tsev qiv ntawv tau tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshwj xeeb los ntawm Jiangxi- qib tuab hu ua "Maobian," thinner "Mao Tai." Maobian daim ntawv tsim ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Qing-dynasty printing substrates thiab tseem tseem ceeb heev rau kev txuag: rau npog fabrication, rov qab, tiv thaiv nplooj, thiab -thaum dyed- li magenta los yog xim npog.
• Mao Tai Paper (Nanmaotai): Ua nyob rau hauv Fujian, Zhejiang, thiab Jiangxi. Lub teeb daj, softer thiab thinner dua lace- ntug ntawv, nrog me ntsis caliper variation thiab ib tug disparible curtain qauv. Nws qhov huv si, du nto ua rau nws nyiam xaiv rau nruab nrab - mus rau - lig Qing phau ntawv luam tawm. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev txuag kev xyaum, nws yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau patching, framing, thiab mounting xyoob- ntawv ntawv-thiab, thaum dyed, ua qhov tseeb- saib cov khoom hloov pauv.
• Kuanlian Ntawv: Sichuan- tsim; me ntsis daj los yog dawb, kev ntxhib los mos zoo li daim ntawv hemp. Resilient tab sis inconsistently tuab. Siv hauv cheeb tsam rau cov gazetteers hauv zos thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm -txawm tias cov ntawv luam tawm tsis muaj kev kho kom zoo nkauj.
• Yuan Shu Ntawv: Ua nyob rau hauv Fuyang thiab Xiaoshan counties, Zhejiang. Raw khoom: * Daphne odora * (lub caij ntuj no daphne); daj ntseg daj. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm Daliang thiab Xiaoliang zos hauv Fuyang. me ntsis qis dua rau cov ntawv uas muaj fringed siab dua - cov ntsiab lus fiber ntau.
• Daim Ntawv Luam Yeeb (Zhu Gan Zhi): Lig Yuan -dynasty printing ntawv- ntxhib, nkig, tuab, thiab littered nrog cov paj tawg ntawm qhov thim rov qab. Tsis zoo txwv nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm.
• Sewing Paper (Xiu Zhi): Sichuan-ua; nyias, nyias, loj -format, unalkalized. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau patching hnub nyoog daj xyoob ntawv.
• Jade-Papered Paper: Cov qauv zoo ib yam li daim ntawv rag tab sis tawv dua thiab tsis yooj yim dua. Tsis tsim nyog rau kev kho nplooj ntoos vim rigidity; tsim nyog rau dyeing thiab npog ntau lawm.
• Guan Cheng Ntawv: Thicker dua lace-ntug ntawv; txheem substrate rau Jinling Publishing House imprints.
• Linshi Ntawv: Ua nyob rau hauv Liancheng, Fujian; muaj nyob rau hauv "Dalian Shi" (loj) thiab "Xiao Lian Shi" (me) hom. Niaj hnub nimno versions muaj cov xyoob fiber ntau, faib lawv li xyoob ntawv; yav dhau los iterations suav nrog bast fibers, aligning lawv nrog paj rwb ntawv. Dawb, zoo ib yam, pem hauv ntej- du / thim rov qab- ntxhib (tab sis tsis muaj khib nyiab), zoo-grained, ruaj, thiab number case-absorbent. Kev siv dav dav hauv kev tshaj tawm-Qianlong Qing luam ntawv thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txuag- ua thaj, rov qab, lossis pem hauv ntej npog rau cov qauv kev sib khi-tshwj xeeb yog siv tau rau xyoob- ntawv phau ntawv pem hauv ntej, txawm tias tsis pom zoo rau tag nrho cov npog.
• Mechanized Continuous Roll Paper (Yanglian Shui): Visually zoo li Lianshui daim ntawv tab sis tsaus dua; pem hauv ntej glossy / du, rov qab ntxhib. Nyias thiab nkig -tsis zoo archival stability. Thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv Qing lig / ntxov Republican luam ntawv (piv txwv li, Zhonghua Phau Ntawv Tuam Txhab daim ntaub- khi *Siku Quanshu Zongmu*). Prone to yellowing thiab spotting nrog hnub nyoog.
• Hmoov-thiab- Ntawv (Fen Zhi): Tshuab-ua, greyish-dawb, pem hauv ntej- du / thim rov qab- ntxhib, nyias thiab nkig- tsis haum rau kev khaws cia ntev -. Dominated lithographic luam ntawv nyob rau hauv lig Qing thiab thaum ntxov Republican era.
• Shanbei thiab Bencao Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Guangdong- tsim xyoob-thiab- cov ntaub ntawv reed. Shanbei: daj; Bencao: dawb. Feem ntau siv los ntawm Guangya Bookstore (Guangdong) rau nws *Wai Ge Bao Shu* ("Cov Pab Pawg Sab Nraud ntawm Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj") series.
• Kev nthuav qhia daim ntawv (Zhi Ban): tuab, siab - qib board Tshuag. Pem hauv ntej du, rov qab ntxhib thiab tsis muaj zog cohesive. Tsis haum rau kev luam ntawv lossis siv kev txuag ncaj qha-tab sis muaj nuj nqis rau nws qhov nqus tau siab zoo li cov ntawv sib cuam tshuam (piv txwv li, blotting nplooj) thaum kho cov dej hauv cov ntawv sau rov qab.
5. Cov ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab kho kom zoo nkauj
• Sib Nqus Xiav (Antique-Dyed) Daim Ntawv: Cov phau ntawv tsoos tsho npog-feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm Xuan lossis lace-ntug ntawv-yog dyed nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus ntsuab los yog antique hues (xws li, txiv ntseej xim av, beige, bronze), ces laminated nrog ib tug sib piv - ntaub ntawv nplua nuj thiab kev tiv thaiv.
• Tiger Skin Embroidery Paper: Ua tiav los ntawm daim ntawv dyeing nyob rau hauv variegated daj-thiab- cov qauv dawb mimicking tsov fur, ua raws li lamination. Siv decoratively rau npog.
• Ntawv Parchment: Ming-Qing ntau lawm; bast-fiber-raws li, tuab, tawv, thiab waxily lustrous. Siv raws li daim npog los yog nplooj tiv thaiv.
• Daim Ntawv Plaub Hau (Fa Zhi): Ua los ntawm phloem fibers nrog tib neeg cov plaub hau ntxiv thaum lub sij hawm tsim daim ntawv los txhim kho tensile zog- yog li nws lub npe. Tso tseg rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig siab -.
• Shekarini Ntawv: Kub los yog nyiaj nplooj ntawv sib npaug zos rau ntawm cov pos hniav arabic-soaked ntawv. Xim- ruaj khov thiab archival; suav nrog "dawb kub" thiab "dab kub" variants-siv hu ua "splashed gold" lossis "kold gold" paper. Siv rau muaj nuj nqis - phau ntawv npog thiab bookmarks.
Hloov cov ntsiab lus:
1. Kev tsim kho cov txheej txheem: Cov ntawv qub tsis muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov lus hierarchy, kev sib koom ua ke, thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Kev kho dua tshiab qhia meej, suav nrog ntu (Hemp Paper, Xuan Paper, Paj Rwb, thiab lwm yam) nrog cov lus piav qhia subheadings, ua kom muaj kev taw qhia thiab kev tshawb fawb.
2. Terminological standardization: cov ntsiab lus tsis meej lossis tsis sib xws (xws li "rag paper" siv sib hloov nrog "paj ntaub"; "paj rwb" vs. "paj rwb- ntawv coated") tau qhia meej thiab ua raws li cov lus qhia txog kev txuag thiab cov ntaub ntawv (piv txwv li, "bast-}coated paper", "paj rwb-coated paper (Mian Lian Zhi)"). Tag nrho cov lus hauv Suav teb tau muab rau hauv pinyin nrog cov cim thawj hauv kab lus raws li thawj tau hais tseg, kom ntseeg tau tias kev kawm raug thiab hla- muaj peev xwm siv tau.
3. Txhim kho cov ntawv sau npe thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke: Cov lus hais sib xws ("zoo li silk-woven brocade", "me ntsis rougher", "tsis zoo nkauj heev") tau hloov nrog lub hom phiaj, kev qhuab qhia- tsim nyog descriptors ("zoo li txhob lo lo ntxhuav brocadetic", "cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj") Passive lub suab thiab nominalizations yog judiciously ua hauj lwm los hais txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom vaj tse ntawm subjective impression (piv txwv li, "yog keeb kwm nthuav tawm raws li tribute" es tsis txhob ntawm "cov neeg hu ua daim ntawv no ... ").
4. Kev txhim kho keeb kwm thiab kev ua haujlwm raug: Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los (hnub dynastic, lub sijhawm kav) yog tus qauv thiab txheeb xyuas; kev tsim khoom (txiv qaub maceration, hnub ci bleaching, pulp ratios) tau piav qhia nrog cov lus qhia meej; Cov ntawv thov ua haujlwm (piv txwv li, "cov ntawv sib cuam tshuam rau kev kho dej") qhia txog kev txuag tam sim no zoo tshaj plaws tsis yog cov lus tsis meej ("siv los nqus dej noo").
5. Kev tshem tawm ntawm kev rov ua dua thiab tsis pom tseeb: Cov lus piav qhia rov ua dua (xws li, ntau qhov kev hais txog "tuaj yeem" yam tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus) tau sib sau ua ke; vague quantifiers ("qee", "ob peb", "kuj tsawg") yog khaws cia tsuas yog qhov uas pov thawj tiag tiag inconclusive, txwv tsis pub hloov nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ("tsis tshua muaj heev", "feem ntau saws", "de facto standard").
6. Logical flow and cohesion: Transitions of paragraphs and subsections tam sim no qhia meej txog kev sib raug zoo (piv txwv li, "tseem ceeb…", "Feem ntau siv…", "Hnub no, nws ua haujlwm..."), txhawb ntxiv ua rau- cuam tshuam, kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev, thiab kev ua haujlwm taxonomy.
7. Kev khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb: Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseeb - suav nrog thaj chaw keeb kwm, cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom siv lub cev, kev siv keeb kwm, kev txuag cov ntawv thov, thiab cov piv txwv hauv phau ntawv teev npe - tau khaws cia tsis tu ncua, nrog rau kev txhim kho tsuas yog ua kom pom tseeb, qhia meej, thiab txhawb nqa kev nthuav qhia {{3}, tsis txhob rov hais dua
