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CAI LUN, EUNUCH ntawm sab hnub tuaj Han dynasty, Navigated lub hwj chim ntawm Imperial Crafted ntawm cov ntoo ntoo thiab nuv ntses nets. Nws lub Innovation tsis tsuas muaj kev tshem tawm tsuas yog kev txwv tsis pub dhau los ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg Los ntawm Changarkand, thiab los ntawm xyoob swb rau hauv internet, no cov ntawv me me muaj xwm yeem borne feem ntau yog cov neeg uas muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xav.
Thoob plaws hauv lub annals ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej, muaj qee qhov kev tsim muaj tau hloov pauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev paub raws li cov ntawv. Nws yog CAI LUN, ib daim duab halifaceted nyob rau sab hnub tuaj-eunuch, raug cai, thiab tus tsim khoom - uas tau qhia txog cov khoom siv ntiaj teb no. His advancements in writing media not only redefined literacy but also inadvertently accelerated the progress of human civilization. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm CAI LUN cov kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lub zog thiab kev hloov kho txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv Suav teb rau ntiaj teb zej zog.
### I. Sawv thiab poob ntawm lub tsev hais plaub uas muaj tswv yim: CAI LUN ntau cov cim thiab cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm
Cai Lun (c . 50}}}}} Raws li ib qho ntawm cov neeg muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb, CAI Lun lub neej yog cov koom tes hauv tsev hais plaub sab hnub tuaj. Nkag mus rau hauv lub Palace ua tus nom thaum lub sijhawm huab tais nws tau kav, nws nrawm rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm nws kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse. Ua haujlwm rau cov emperors nyob rau hauv nws, sharan, thiab ib qho, nws tuav txoj haujlwm ntawm Shanglang Ling, overseeing cov khoom siv ntawm imperial tais diav. Lub luag haujlwm no nthuav tawm nws rau ntau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, tso cov chaw ua haujlwm rau nws txoj kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv papermaking.
Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tau pleev xim ntawm Nuanced duab ntawm CAI LUN. Cov ntawv "cov ntawv xov xwm" hauv "Hus keeb kwm yav dhau los, tsis yog tus pab nws ua" tus neeg ua yeeb yam, "Hu rau nws kuj tau hais tias," Hu rau nws, "Hu rau nws kuj yog tus ua yeeb yam," Hu rau nws, "Hu rau nws," Hu rau nws, "Hu rau nws, tus yeeb yam, uas tau coj mus rau nws tua tus kheej. Qhov no stain ntawm nws txojsines kawg xeem tau compelled nws coj nws lub neej tom qab huab tais kev tswj hwm tus kheej ntawm tsoomfwv. Txawm hais tias nws txoj kev ua tiav hauv Maelstrom ntawm lub hwj chim, CAI LUN tau ua tiav kev txhawb nqa rau cov khoom siv tes ua. Nws qhov kev sib txawv kawg starkly sib piv nrog nws immortal ua tiav tau ntsib los ntawm cov neeg Suav tsis muaj kev ntseeg thiab kev coj ncaj ncees thiab keeb kwm tus kheej.
### II. Los ntawm "muaj nuj nqis lo lo ntxhuav thiab hais txog kev yooj yim" rau "cai hou daim ntawv": kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis hauv papermaking
Nyob rau hauv CAI LUN LUB ERA, cov ntaub ntawv sau ntawv tseem ceeb hauv Suav teb yog xyoob khau khiab thiab cov kab xev. Xyoob leb tau cumbersome thiab tsis yooj yim; Raws li "cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Grand keeb kwm," Emperor Qin Shi Huang tshuaj xyuas xyoob ships muaj txog li 120 jin txhua hnub. Txhob lo lo ntxhuav, lub teeb ci, tau txwv tsis pub kim, ua rau cov lus tshaj tawm uas "lo lo ntxhuav muaj nqi ntau dua li yooj yim." Cov kev txwv no cuam tshuam ntau dhau kev sib kis ntawm kev paub thiab kev coj noj coj ua. CAI LUN txoj kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem ua ntej ntawm nws cov txheej txheem kev paub tab.
Hauv 105 AD, CAI LUN nthuav qhia Emperor nws nrog ib hom ntawv tshiab, keeb kwm hu ua "CAI HOU." Cov ntawv no tau ua los ntawm cov khoom pheej yig xws li ntoo cov tawv ntoo, hemp, thiab nuv ntses nets, patching, patching, thiab ziab. "Keeb kwm ntawm tom qab Han Han dynasty" meticulously sau cov kev hloov tshiab no: "Siv ntoo tawv, thiab nuv ntses Nets los tsim cov ntawv." Archaeological tshawb pom zoo hais tias cov ntawv txheej thaum ub tau muaj thaum ntxov li lub hnub poob thiab cov ntawv baqiabo thiab j CAI LUN qhov kev sib tsoo nrog kev ua kom tau raw cov khoom sib piv thiab tsim cov tswv yim tsim tawm, tsim cov ntawv sau ua kom zoo tagnrho rau kev sau. Qhov kev ua tau zoo no hloov papermaking los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov tsis sib xws rau hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus peev xwm muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo.
Cov tub ntxhais kev nrhav ntawm Cai Lun's papermaking txheej txheem tuaj yeem muab cov ntsiab lus hauv peb qho: Ua ntej, kev qhia ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau los txo cov nqi; Thib ob, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem los tsim cov txheej txheem papermaking zoo; Thib peb, kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua tau zoo los tsim cov ntawv nyeem, sau ntawv-phooj ywg. Lub moj khaum no lub moj khaum muab daim ntawv kom sai sai ntawm cov khoom noj thiab cov kab ncauj thaum daim ntawv sau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Los ntawm lub hnub sab hnub tuaj han dynasty, tus kws tshawb fawb Xun Yue tau sau tseg nws cov "keeb kwm yav dhau los Han dynasty," piav qhia nws li "ib txwm ua raws li thiab siv tau los ntawm txhua tus."
### III. Cov muaj kev vam meej: Lub ntiaj teb no kis thiab cuam tshuam ntawm papermaking
Ua raws li CAI LUN cov kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm papermaking, cov thev naus laus zis no nrawm nrawm thoob plaws Suav teb. Thaum lub sijhawm Wei, Jin, Northern thiab yav qab teb tau hloov xyoob thiab cov kab mob uas txhawb nqa cov kev cai thiab kev sib kis ntawm Buddhism. Taoist txiv plig gin ntawm sab hnub tuaj jin dynasty twb muaj peev xwm hloov chaw loj ntawm cov ntawv, raws li sau cia hauv "Baopuzi." Papermaking tom qab ntawd trainersed txoj kev silk, ncav ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, Kauslim hauv lub ntiaj teb thib 5, thiab Arab lub ntiaj teb los ntawm Central Asia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th.
Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Talas nyob rau hauv 751 AD, tau ntes Suav Artisans qhia cov lus qhia rau Samarkand. Tom qab cov Arabs, nws tau mus txog Tebchaws Europe ntawm North Africa nyob rau xyoo pua 12th. Ltalis tau tsim nws thawj daim ntawv zeb zeb zeb hauv 1276, tom qab lub teb chaws Yelemees hauv 1494. Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv sau ncaj qha thiab hloov dua tshiab; nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb Islamic, nws spurred lub hnub nyoog kub ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kab lis kev cai; Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia, nws muaj kev sib cav ua rau cov kev cai lij choj kev paub txog kev coj ua.
American Harvan Mcneill tau hais tias kev kis tau ntawm papermaking constituted "ib qho kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Eurasian keeb kwm." Fab Kis neeg txhaum kev cai chevre sib ceg hais tias kev tsim muaj ntawm cov ntawv uas muaj "nkag mus rau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no dua li lwm haiv neeg." CAI LUN cov kev txhim kho kev tsis tsim txiaj tau tsim lub ntiaj teb cov teeb meem rau kev paub, kev cuam tshuam piv rau kev tshaj tawm ntawm lub Internet tam sim no. Yog li, CAI LUN nws lub luag haujlwm ua tus tsim khoom Suav los ua tus neeg tsav tsheb ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej.
### IV. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Keeb Kwm: Los ntawm cov kev tsim tawm thev naus laus zis rau kev coj noj coj ua
Posthumously, CAI LUN tau raug VERERATED tshaj li nws lub sijhawm. Scholar Su Yijian ntawm sab qaum teb dynasty tau qhuas nws ua "ntawv sage" hauv nws "plaub zaug ntawm kev kawm." Yuan dynasty tus kws sau ntawv lom zem rau nws "Jian Zhi PU," hais tias, "nyob rau hauv nws lub siab, CAI Lun tau zoo tag nrho nws." Cov evolution no hauv kev ntsuas kev ntsuas pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev siv tshuab hauv Suav kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, Joseps Iptioned papermaking raws li lub foremost ntawm Tuam Tshoj plaub qhov kev cuam tshuam loj hauv nws "Science thiab Civilization nyob hauv Suav teb." American Scholar Carter underscored hauv "Qhov tsim muaj nyob rau hauv Suav teb thiab nws cov ntawv sab hnub poob" uas "tsis muaj ntawv, luam ntawv yuav tsis ua tiav cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua tau zoo li no."
Cov kev ntsuam xyuas no ntawm CAI LUN tau ua ntau yam sib txawv. YIAS Jixing, tus kws tshaj lij hauv keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, lees paub qhov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev sim ua kev sim archaeology. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev coj noj coj ua, tsom rau cov ntawv uas muaj kev paub txog ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev mus ncig ua si hauv zej zog. Los ntawm kev pom ntawm lub keeb kwm thoob ntiaj teb, CAI LUN tau suav tias yog "kev txhawb nqa thaum ntxov ntawm kev sib txuas lus kev sib txuas lus", thiab nws cov kev tsim tawm tau ua rau muaj kev deb ntawm kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb.
CAI LUN lub qhov ntxa nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntev, Yang County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi xeev. Lub pob zeb hloov ntawm "CAI LUN cov txheej txheem papermaking" unearthed ntawm no nyob rau hauv 1987 tiag tiag ua si lub scene papermaking qub. Xyoo 2006, CAI LUN Memorial Park tau ua tiav hauv Leiyang City, los ua ib qho chaw nrhiav kev cai rau ntiaj teb. UNESCO muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem txhais tes ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov cuab yeej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg txoj kev tsim muaj nyob mus ib txhis.
Xaus: Dual kev pom los ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab tib neeg
Saib rov qab rau CAI Lun lub neej, qhov peb pom tsis yog muaj kev tsim txom ntawm ib qho kev tsim muaj zoo, tab sis kuj muaj cov dab neeg muaj txiaj ntsig txog kev nyuaj ntawm tib neeg. Qhov kev sib cav ua rau peb nco qab tias kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm cov nuj nqis keeb kwm yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj dichoomized. Kev tsim tau zoo heev tuaj yeem yog los ntawm cov neeg tsim kev tawm tsam.
Thaum peb rov kuaj CAI LUN cov hnub nyoog hauv lub hnub nyoog digital, peb tuaj yeem txaus siab rau lub zog ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntawm daim ntawv ntawm kev vam meej ntawm kev vam meej. Los ntawm xyoob ib daim ntawv thiab tom qab ntawd rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob, txhua tus tua hluav taws xob tau hloov pauv txoj kev tib neeg xav thiab sib txuas lus. Xana lun woves tsis tsuas yog ib daim nyias nyias ntawm daim ntawv nrog cov nroj tsuag fibers, tab sis kuj muaj cov cabn tshiab ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg. Fab kis lus Fab Kis Derrida ib zaug hais tias, "Tsis muaj kev sau ntawv thev naus laus zis, yuav tsis muaj kev ntshataws." Peb tseem tuaj yeem hais tias tsis muaj CAI LUN cov ntawv, yuav tsis muaj kev sib txuam ntawm kev vam meej uas tau ua rau ob txhiab xyoo.
